injector-driven wind tunnel

— active wind tunnel

— airliner washing tunnel

— altitude tunnel

— arc-heated wind tunnel

— arrival tunnel

— axisymmetric wind tunnel

— blowdown tunnel

— blow-off tunnel

— bomb-bay tunnel

— cascade tunnel

— closed-circuit wind tunnel

— closed-section wind tunnel

— closed-throat wind tunnel

— continuous-flow wind tunnel

— crew transfer tunnel

— departure tunnel

— escape tunnel

— fan-driven wind tunnel

— fire tunnel

— flame tunnel

— free-jet wind tunnel

— free-piston shock tunnel

— free-spinning wind tunnel

— full-scale wind tunnel

— gas-dynamics tunnel

— gun tunnel

— gust tunnel

— heat-transfer tunnel

— high-altitude wind tunnel

— high-density tunnel

— high-enthalpy shock tunnel

— high-speed wind tunnel

— hot-shot wind tunnel

— hypersonic wind tunnel

— hyperthermal aerodynamic tunnel

— hypervelocity wind tunnel

— icing wind tunnel

— indraft wind tunnel

— induction-driven wind tunnel

— injector-driven wind tunnel

— intermittent wind tunnel

— jet-driven wind tunnel

— linear weapons tunnel

— longshot tunnel

— low-density plasma tunnel

— low-density wind tunnel

— low-speed wind tunnel

— low-turbulence wind tunnel

— nitrogen tunnel

— nonreturn-flow wind tunnel

— open-section wind tunnel

— open-throat wind tunnel

— plasma arc tunnel

— pressure-type wind tunnel

— pressurized wind tunnel

— propulsion wind tunnel

— rain-test tunnel

— rarefied-air wind tunnel

— reflected-shock tunnel

— refrigerated wind tunnel

— return-circuit wind tunnel

— return-flow wind tunnel

— rocket-powered wind tunnel

— shock tunnel

— spin tunnel

— storage-driven wind tunnel

— straight-through wind tunnel

— subsonic wind tunnel

— supersonic wind tunnel

— transonic wind tunnel

— vacuum-driven wind tunnel

— variable-density wind tunnel

— VTO wind tunnel

— water tunnel

— wind tunnel

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

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At the age of 19, Phillips developed an interest in flight and constructed models with lightweight engines. He spent a large amount of time and money over many years, carrying out practical research into the science of aerodynamics. In the early 1880s he built a wind tunnel with a working section of 15 in. by 10 in. (38 cm by 25 cm). Air was sucked through the working section by an adaptation of the steam injector used in boilers and invented by Henry Giffard, the airship pioneer. Phillips tested aerofoils based on the cross-section of bird's wings, with a greater curvature on the upper surface than the lower. He measured the lift and drag and showed that the major component of lift came from suction on the upper surface, rather than pressure on the lower. He took out patents for his aerofoil sections in 1884 and 1891. In addition to his wind-tunnel test, Phillips tested his wing sections on a whirling arm, as used earlier by Cayley, Wenham and Lilienthal. After a series of tests using an arm of 15 ft (4.57 m) radius, Phillips built a massive whirling arm driven by a steam engine. His test pieces were mounted on the end of the arm, which had a radius of 50 ft (15.24 m), giving them a linear speed of 70 mph (113 km/h). By 1893 Phillips was ready to put his theories to a more practical test, so he built a large model aircraft driven by a steam engine and tethered to run round a circular track. It had a wing span of 19 ft (5.79 m), but it had fifty wings, one above the other. These wings were only 10 in. (25 cm) wide and mounted in a frame, so it looked rather like a Venetian blind. At 40 mph (64 km/h) it lifted off the track. In 1904 Phillips built a full-size multi-wing aeroplane with twenty wings which just lifted off the ground but did not fly. He built another multi-wing machine in 1907, this time with four Venetian blind' frames in tandem, giving it two hundred wings! Phillips made a short flight of almost 500 ft (152 m) which could be claimed to be the first powered aeroplane flight in England by an Englishman. He retired from flying at the age of 62.

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